| Igor Stravinsky |
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Operas
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Oedipus rex is an "Opera-oratorio after Sophocles" by Igor Stravinsky, scored for orchestra, speaker, soloists, and male chorus. The libretto, based on Sophocles's tragedy, was written by Jean Cocteau in French and then translated by Abbé Jean Daniélou into Latin (the narration, however, is performed in the language of the audience).[1] The work is sometimes performed in the concert hall as an oratorio, as it was at its original performance in the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in Paris on May 30, 1927,[2] and at its American premiere the following year given by the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Harvard Glee Club; it has also been presented on stage as an opera, the first such performance being at the Vienna State Opera on February 23, 1928. It was subsequently presented three times by the Santa Fe Opera in 1960, 1961, and 1962 with the composer in attendance.
Oedipus rex was written towards the beginning of Stravinsky's neoclassical period. He had considered setting the work in Ancient Greek, but decided ultimately on Latin: in his words "a medium not dead but turned to stone."[3]
In 1960 it was presented by Sadler’s Wells opera at Sadler’s Wells theatre in an effective production by Colin Graham, with set by Michel Saint-Denis and conducted by Colin Davis. Oedepus was sung by Australian tenor Ronald Dowd with actor Michael Hordern as narrator. Though the narration was in English the company moved from its normal English-language practice and the singing remained in the original Latin.
A production directed by Julie Taymor starring Philip Langridge, Jessye Norman, Min Tanaka, and Bryn Terfel was performed at the Saito Kinen Festival Matsumoto in Japan in 1992 and filmed by Taymor for television. Another filmed rendition survives from 1973 when Leonard Bernstein conducted it during his 6th and last lecture for the Charles Eliot Norton chair at Harvard University.[4]
Contents |
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 30 May 1927 (Conductor: Igor Stravinsky)[5] |
|---|---|---|
| Oedipus, king of Thebes | tenor | Stepan Belina-Skupierwski |
| Jocasta, his wife & mother | mezzo-soprano | Hélène de Sadowen |
| Creon, Jocasta's brother | bass-baritone | Georges Lanskoy |
| Tiresias, soothsayer | basso | Kapiton Zaporojetz |
| Shepherd | tenor | |
| Messenger | bass-baritone | Kapiton Zaporojetz |
| Narrator | speaking role | Pierre Brasseur |
| Men's chorus | ||
The work is scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 3 clarinets in B-flat and A (3rd doubling clarinet in E-flat), 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, 4 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, tambourine, "military" snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, piano, harp and strings.
The Narrator greets the audience, explaining the nature of the drama they are about to see, and setting the scene: Thebes is suffering from a plague, and the men of the city lament it loudly. Oedipus, king of Thebes and conqueror of the Sphinx, promises to save the city. Creon, brother-in-law to Oedipus, returns from the oracle at Delphi and declaims the words of the gods: Thebes is harboring the murderer of Laius, the previous king. It is the murderer who has brought the plague upon the city. Oedipus promises to discover the murderer and cast him out. He questions Tiresias, the soothsayer, who at first refuses to speak. Angered at this silence, Oedipus accuses him of being the murderer himself. Provoked, Tiresias speaks at last, stating that the murderer of the king is a king. Terrified, Oedipus then accuses Tiresias of being in league with Creon, whom he believes covets the throne. With a flourish from the chorus, Jocasta appears.
Jocasta calms the dispute by telling all that the oracles always lie. An oracle had predicted that Laius would die at his son's hand, when in fact he was murdered by bandits at the crossing of three roads. This frightens Oedipus further: he recalls killing an old man at a crossroads before coming to Thebes. A messenger arrives: King Polybus of Corinth, whom Oedipus believes to be his father, has died. However, it is now revealed that Polybus was only the foster-father of Oedipus, who had been, in fact, a foundling. An ancient shepherd arrives: it was he who had found the child Oedipus in the mountains. Jocasta, realizing the truth, flees. At last, the messenger and shepherd state the truth openly: Oedipus is the child of Laius and Jocasta, killer of his father, husband of his mother. Shattered, Oedipus leaves. The messenger reports the death of Jocasta: she has hanged herself in her chambers. Oedipus breaks into her room and puts out his eyes with her pin. He departs Thebes forever as the chorus at first vents their anger, and then mourns the loss of the king they loved.
Many insights to this opera are found in the famous Bernstein analysis of it in his sixth and last Norton lecture in 1973. Bernstein stated that Oedipus Rex is the most "awesome product" of Stravinsky's neoclassical period. Much of the music borrows techniques from past classical styles and from popular styles of the day as well. However, Stravinsky purposely mismatches the text subjects (in Latin) with its corresponding musical accompaniment. Bernstein refers to this as a "black joke", creating a chilling effect that is fully consistent with neoclassic musical style.
Nearly all of Oedipus' arias liberally use appogiaturas, undoubtedly a stylistic homage to Italian opera. Bernstein even goes so far as to link the opening 4-note motif sung by the chorus to a specific sung quote in Verdi's Aida. The idea parallel of "power and pity" reigns in both operas even though the specific subject matters are quite different.
Other musical works on the same subject:
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